Europe since 1648, with emphasis on the ideas, institutions, and problems of topics such as the rise of absolute monarchy, the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, the growth of industrialism and liberalism, the advent of democracy and socialism, the development of nationalism and imperialism, and the interaction of European democracies with totalitarian dictatorships in the 20th Century. Readings include contemporary source materials, biographies, and interpretive essays. (Group I)